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History of Strength and Conditioning Science

The earliest records of strength training date back to 3600 BC. AD, when Chinese emperors required their subjects to exercise daily (Webster 1976). During the Chou Dynasty, subjects had to pass weightlifting tests before entering the military. There is a large amount of evidence indicating that bodybuilding was a part of life in ancient Greece and India. In fact, the Greeks built many sculptures of people lifting stone weights.

Many training systems have been offered over the years. The accumulation of different experiences and philosophies has led us to the current training methods used today. Keep in mind; many authorities have varied considerably from the original focus of strength and conditioning. Hard work and dedication formed the basis of past training methods. Today, the opposite has happened in many settings, as easy work and quick fixes form the basis of most people’s diets.

In the 16th century, in Europe, books on bodybuilding began to surface. Sir Thomas Elyot’s book on the subject was published in England in 1531. Joachim Camerius, a lecturer at the University of Leipzig, wrote several books in 1544 recommending that bodybuilding be a key activity offered in the model school . John Paugh published a book in 1728 titled A Physiological, Theoretical, and Practical Treatise on the Utility of Muscular Exercise in Restoring Power to the Limbs, which outlined the benefits offered by strength training for rehabilitation purposes. In the 1860s, Archibald Maclaren, designed the first formal physical training system with dumbbells and dumbbells for the British Army.

Showmen and strongmen of the 19th century contributed greatly to the methods used in the fitness and conditioning industry today. Based on extensive research, iron game historian David Webster credits Italian circus and fairground performer Felice Napoli with popularizing strongman performances internationally. The Naples disciples include Professor Attila (Louis Durlacher) and Eugen Sandow (Frederick Muller). Attila became well known and he attracted some of the world’s best known physical bodybuilders and many European leaders. His list of students included King George of Greece, King Edward of England, Crown Prince Frederick who became King Haakon of Norway, the six children of King Christian of Denmark, Queen Mother Alexandra of England, Princess Dagmar ( Empress of Russia and mother of Tsar Nicholas) and the Duchess of Cumberland.

At the time, training the wealthy was a highly respected occupation. We have what we call personal trainers today. The current protocols used by the majority of trainers today are a far cry from the original teachings and benefits provided by trainers. The fame and notoriety of the coaches of the time was the result of public displays of extraordinary physical feats. These events were often attended by royalty and were highly acclaimed for their promotion of physical well-being.

Eugen Sandow, born in Koningsberg in eastern Russia in 1867, has been recruited for his teachings by presidents and leaders around the world. Nine kings and queens and numerous princes of Europe, as well as US presidents William Taft and Woodrow Wilson endorsed Sandow’s book, Life is Movement. Sandow was a successful strongman as well as a proponent of formal fitness and health management. He stressed that physical education and sport should be an integral part of the school system. He has also traveled the world lecturing and promoting physical culture as a way to improve quality of life.

Most authorities recognize Sandow as one of the most important figures in fitness history, with his work history revealing that the modern phenomenon of science-based physical training is not a new invention. . Sandow promoted the importance of strength and skill as the cornerstone of physical fitness. Half a century later, Dr. Kenneth Cooper proposed that physical fitness was primarily dependent on aerobic conditioning. About 25 years later, the important role of strength training has again been recognized by academia.

In Russia, during the same period, Vladislav Krayevsky founded the St. Petersburg Amateur Weightlifting Society (1885). Many respected scientists, athletes; artists became his students, including the famous strongman George Hackenschmidt, who credited Krayevsky with teaching him everything he knew. Hackenschmidt mentioned in his book The Way To Live that some of the strongest men in the world at the time, including Sandow, were trained using Krayevsky’s system.

Krayevsky’s work and the popularity of his students had a major effect on weightlifting in Russia. Not only was he a renowned teacher, but he also performed significant numbers of barbell lifts. He was president of the jury for the first world championships in Vienna in 1898.

Krayevsky wrote two of his fundamental works during the period 1896-1899. The writings were titled The Catechism of Health Rules for Athletes and Developing Physical Strength With and Without Kettlebells. The Catechism of Health Rules for Athletes was sent to print on December 9, 1899, but was never published and is now preserved in manuscript form. His other book was published in 1900 and reprinted three times (1902, 1909, 1916) after his death (1901).

Krayevsky was well studied on the history of physical culture and all forms of gymnastics. He was familiar with calisthenics and noted its therapeutic benefits, but his concern over the Swedish system’s lack of scientific data led him to recruit experimenters to research it.

Many of Krayevsky’s recommendations are still used today. Its recommendations include medical monitoring of an athlete’s health, consistent training and variable load patterns, comprehensive physical development, psychological development, and avoidance of tobacco and alcohol.

Early strength pioneers developed many devices with regards to strength training including cable machines, kettlebells, dumbbells, dumbbells, odd shaped bars, thick grip bars, boots weights, isolation machines and various launching devices. Yet 50 years later, many people claim to have invented this machine. In the industry today, there are many systems and people promoting their new systems, which are not really new at all.

The development of different scientific and educational cultures divided the West and the East because their promotion of physical activity was vaguely different. In the years following the World Wars, Russia and Europe continued to promote various elements of physical strength, power, and skill, while the West primarily encouraged aerobics. Kenneth Cooper’s book Aerobics was popular at the time as well as Swedish research on endurance exercise. According to Cooper and the Swedish researchers, heart and general health depended mainly on prolonged endurance work. Proponents of the endurance doctrine strongly protested against strength training. Cooper told the world that strength training promoted a beautiful body but did nothing for health.

During the same period when the aerobics craze was unleashed in western Russians and eastern Europeans amassed a lot of international information on strength and sports training while developing educational programs complete to promote their discoveries. Most schools offered weightlifting and within a few decades there were about 1 million weightlifters in the USSR. Strength training became a key part of all athletic training programs in the USSR while the attitude in the West was that weight training would slow athletes down and limit their range of motion. Consequently, Russia dominated the Olympics, especially in Olympic weightlifting, at the same time that the aerobic doctrine became gospel in the West.

Russian dominance has often been attributed to the use of anabolic androgenic drugs, but the athletic use of these drugs was actually first introduced by the West. It’s probably more accurate to say that the Eastern countries dominated because of their science of strength and their understanding of full athletic conditioning. When it comes to drug use, no one uses drugs more than Pro bodybuilders, who are mostly Americans.

Today in the West, the majority of gyms, trainers, academics and trainers are still misinformed when it comes to fitness and fitness. Aerobic endurance splurges still dominate in most cases, but this is a minor part of fitness. All it takes is to study the science and the abundant evidence that supports the many health and fitness benefits of a proper strength training program to realize its importance.

References

Siff, MC (2000) Supertraining. Mel Sif.

Copyright 2005 Jamie Hale

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